Plasma and dietary carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol levels and the risk of gastric adenocarcinomas in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition.

Conversely, in a Finnish population of smokers, higher baseline blood α -tocopherol has been associated with a marginally significant increase in the risk of cardial GC ( Nouraie et al , 2005 ).

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Larger studies, set in high-risk Chinese populations, show either (i) a borderline significant negative association between retinol and GCs of the cardia, and between β -cryptoxanthin and noncardial GC, and an increased risk of noncardial GC with higher levels of lutein/zeaxanthin ( Abnet et al , 2003 ) or (ii) an inverse effect of α - and β -carotene and lycopene on GC risk, but without consideration of anatomical subsite or histological subtypes ( Yuan et al , 2004 ).

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