Pointed wings, low wingloading and calm air reduce migratory flight costs in songbirds.

The overall model was highly significant (N = 14, R 2 = 0.650, P = 0.003), and the resulting equation was: heart rate (Hz) = 9.425+3.325*wingtip shape (C 2 , higher values indicate more rounded wingtips [3] )+0.002*wingloading (gm −2 ).

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