What explains between-school differences in rates of smoking?

Adjustment for baseline smoking There is a highly significant correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.000 for males and r = 0.85, p < 0.000 for females) between the standardised residuals (school effects) for Model 1 when baseline smoking is adjusted for and when it is not (This is further illustrated by comparing Figure 3B and Figure 3C ).

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