For cardiovascular mortality, the effect estimates of PM 10 and NO 2 were significant or marginally significant in both education groups; the effect estimate of SO 2 was significant only in the low-education group; no significant effect of O 3 was seen in either group.
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Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) Study.
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