In the conventional significance test approach, the test statistic: d/SE(d) 1"6/0"29 5"52 with 20 degrees of freedom was highly significant (the critical value at 0 0'05 and 20 degrees of freedom is 0.025,20 2"086), i.e. the flame photometry was biased in that its measurement was on average 1.6% higher than that of the Astra method.
1
—
—