Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation.

The results were quite similar, and with all five sites taken together, a highly significant increase of kdr-w frequency was detected (X 2 = 40.98, p << 0.001, df = 2), from 0.5% in 2005 to 1.9% in 2006 and 7.2% in 2007.

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By focusing again on the five villages used for temporal variation analysis, but considering only host-seeking females collected inside, the global increase of kdr-w frequency from 2005 to 2007 was also highly significant (X 2 = 25.35, p << 0.001, df = 2) (Table 2 ), however it was not the case when considering only resting females, giving only an increasing trend between 2005 and 2006 (Fisher exact test, p = 0.060).

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