There was a 19% excess stroke incidence with doxazosin and a highly significant increase (25%) in combined cardiovascular disease [ 142 , 143 ]. alpha 1 -adrenoceptor antagonists as anticancer agents It has long been hypothesized that epinephrine levels are acute and chronically elevated in response to acute or sustained stress and that such an increase is implicated in stress-related immunosuppression pathogenesis, which in turn may increase tumor incidence and promote metastatic growth [ 144 , 145 ].
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