Middleborns disadvantaged? Testing birth-order effects on fitness in pre-industrial Finns.

PLoS One · 2009 · PMC2683935 · PMID 19492096

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marginally non-significantno p-value reported

After controlling for these significant effects, we found clear, although marginally non-significant, trend for differences between overall birth-order categories (all siblings of both sexes considered) in their probability of surviving to adulthood, with firstborns being disadvantaged, and lastborns having the best chances of surviving (χ 2 2 = 5.76, p = 0.056; Figure 2a ).

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