Sexual selection drives weak positive selection in protamine genes and high promoter divergence, enhancing sperm competitiveness.

A highly significant relationship was found between Prm 2 promoter divergence and relative testes size ( r 2 =0.7065, p =0.0005)—independently or normalized in relation to Prm 1 promoter and to the neutral divergence assumed for INT ( figure 3 ; table 2 ).

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Thus, the mean values of divergence of the regulatory region controlling the expression of Prm 2 show a significant association with sperm swimming velocity (VSL, r 2 =0.659, p =0.02; figure 4 ), and a marginally non-significant association with LIN ( r 2 =0.4448, p =0.061).

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