Implications of the HIV testing protocol for refusal bias in seroprevalence surveys.

In the first binary logistic model (consent levels B and C versus A), the likelihood of being HIV positive is correlated with consent for testing and post-test counseling and highly significant: for each percentage point increase in the likelihood of infection, the odds to consent to testing and post-test counseling (consent level A) decrease by 1.5%.

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First, we identified marginally significant bias under the assumptions of a protocol whereby test results are not returned to respondents.

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Bias is much smaller, and only marginally statistically significant, when the study protocol explicitly allows participants to opt out of post-test counseling and the return of HIV test results.

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