Inhaled corticosteroids (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.72–0.88) significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths, while the effects of long-acting beta-agonists (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.84–1.11) and theophylline (OR 1.16; 95% CI 0.99–1.37) were not significantly significant.
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A systematic review of the cardiovascular risk of inhaled anticholinergics in patients with COPD.
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