in two separate studies had demonstrated the benefit of theophylline in prevention of CIN in patients with chronic kidney disease and in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with at least one risk factor.[ 46 , 47 ] However, in a meta-analysis involving 6 RCTs evaluating the effects of theophylline on the prevention of CIN, though there was a favorable trend, the difference was not statistically significant (relative risk, 0.49 [CI, 0.23 to 1.06]).
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