High levels of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health.

Wax is also the primary source of the much lower bee residues of the other major hive miticide, coumaphos, as indicated by the highly significant correlation of wax and bee contents (wax coumaphos = 54.2 • bee coumaphos +1383 ppb; r 2 = 0.484, p = 0.0015, n = 58) compared to the non-significant correlation of pollen and bee residues (r 2 = 0.00585, p = 0.630, n = 42).

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By comparing these residue levels across the matrices, an interesting trend emerges with regard to in-hive versus externally-derived pesticides.

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