Bias due to changes in specified outcomes during the systematic review process.

PLoS One · 2010 · PMC2842442 · PMID 20339557

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0200

closest p · 0.4× alpha

0.0200

boldest claim

The sentences

likely to be significantp = 0.02actually significant

Outcomes that were promoted in the review were more likely to be significant than if there was no discrepancy (relative risk 1.66 95% CI (1.10, 2.49), p = 0.02).

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