A rift between implicit and explicit conditioned valence in human pain relief learning.

Although the valence of the BACKWARD CS+ after training valence did not differ significantly from the CONTROL CS+ valence after training ( t 65 = 0.54, p = 0.590), we note that both the FORWARD CS+ apparently acquired negative valence (FORWARD: t 33 = −4.65, p = 0) and that the BACKWARD CS+ also acquired negative valence, which just failed to reach significance (BACKWARD: t 32 = −1.95, p = 0.060); no such trend was seen for the CONTROL CS+ ( t 33 = −1.4, p = 0.172).

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