Behavioral stress may increase the rewarding valence of cocaine-associated cues through a dynorphin/kappa-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism without affecting associative learning or memory retrieval mechanisms.

Significant cocaine–CPP potentiation was obtained at the U50,488 dose of 5 mg/kg ( n =12–21; one-way ANOVA; F 3, 68 =3.09, p <0328; Dunnet's post hoc U50,488–5 mg/kg ( n =21) vs saline ( n =21), p <0.05), but was absent at 2.5 and 10 mg/kg U50,488 ( p >0.05), although there was a trend toward significance at 10 mg/kg U50,488 ( Figure 3c ).

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