Discussion The results of both experiments suggest that horn possession alone is sufficient to impose a possibly significant mobility handicap to horned males.
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Horn possession reduces maneuverability in the horn-polyphenic beetle, Onthophagus nigriventris.
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The sentences
Surprisingly, relatively moderate sample sizes for each experiment were sufficient to detect measurable, and highly significant, mobility differences between horned and hornless male morphs, suggesting that horn possession has an immediate and drastic effect on male mobility inside tunnels.