Kdo2-lipid A, a TLR4-specific agonist, induces de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis in RAW264.7 macrophages, which is essential for induction of autophagy.

The quantitative analysis of multiple confocal images shows that this suppression was highly significant ( Fig. 11 B ) whether expressed as the total number of cells with GFP-LC3 puncta co-localized with Cer ( Fig. 11 B , upper panel ) or as the number of autophagic cells ( i.e. those cells with five or more GFP-LC3 puncta) with GFP-LC3 puncta co-localized with Cer ( Fig. 11 B , lower panel ).

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