highly significantP = 0.0005
Nosema levels: While the change in nosema levels in the FL trial was not significantly different between treatment groups (F 4,95 = 0.47; P = 0.7586), a highly significant difference in nosema spore levels was detected at the end of the PA trial (F 2,57 = 8.62; P = 0.0005) ( Figure 4 ).