Smoking and multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis.

PLoS One · 2011 · PMC3020969 · PMID 21249154

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0000

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0600

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp<10 −15actually significant

This showed a highly significant increased risk of MS associated with smoking with no significant statistical heterogeneity (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.35–1.63, p<10 −15 , heterogeneity: χ 2 = 7.38, p = 0.60; figure 1 ).

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fell just short of significancep = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

[26] Our meta-analysis of the remaining 4 studies ( supplementary table S1 ) showed a smoking RR for progression from relapsing-remitting MS to secondary progressive MS that fell just short of significance as well as highly significant statistical heterogeneity (RR 1.88, 95% CI 0.98–3.61, p = 0.06, heterogeneity: χ 2 = 13.76, p = 0.003; figure 5 ).

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fell just short of statistical significancep = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

We also analysed 4 studies reporting risk of secondary progression in MS and found that this fell just short of statistical significance with considerable heterogeneity (RR 1.88, 95% CI 0.98–3.61, p = 0.06).

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