highly significantP < 0.001
The highest F ST value was observed between the Dzungarian and the southeastern Gobi ( F ST = 0.0191), the lowest between the Transaltai and the southeastern Gobi ( F ST = 0.0068), and an intermediate between the Dzungarian and the Transaltai Gobi ( F ST = 0.0088; all pairwise F ST values were highly significant at P < 0.001).