Lifestyle Behaviours and Plasma Vitamin C and β-Carotene Levels from the ELAN Population (Liège, Belgium).

J Nutr Metab · 2011 · PMC3062067 · PMID 21437178

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For β -carotene deficiency, logistic regression analysis showed that male gender (OR = 2.67; P < .0001), smoking (OR = 3.03; P < .0001), overweight (OR = 2.28; P < .0001), lack of physical activity (OR = 1.51; P = .0091), intake of <2 fruits/day (OR = 1.41; P = .045), and OC use for women (OR = 4.67; P < .0001) were highly significant risk factors.

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