Electrical modalities beyond pacing for the treatment of heart failure.

After 3 months of VNS, the subjects had significant improvements in NYHA class, Minnesota quality of life, QOL, (from 52 ± 14 to 31 ± 18), left ventricular end-systolic volume (from 208 ± 71 to 190 ± 83 ml), and a favorable trend toward reduction in end-diastolic volume [ 62 ].

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