Decreased functional diversity and biological pest control in conventional compared to organic crop fields.

In a mixed effect model including time step 1 and time step 4 in one model (see statistical analyses), the interaction term between insecticide treatment×time step was highly significant ( F 1,13 = 20.98, P <0.001), providing evidence that the effect of insecticide treatment was not constant across the sampling dates, with lower aphid abundances in the treated fields at the first survey (first time step), but higher aphid abundances in the treated fields at the last survey.

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edge/centre) was not significant for pollinator species richness, but was just below the significance level for pollinator abundance ( Table 3 ), indicating that abundance differences in organic fields between edge and centre were slightly more pronounced than for species richness.

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