The most marked effect was the highly significant trial*treatment interaction, in which Littorina-Gibbula trials showed a marked species difference; Littorina showed a reduction in foraging behavior compared to controls whereas Gibbula increased foraging time relative to the control (GLM repeated measures: within factors Trial*Treatment, F 2,27 = 24.918, p<0.0001; between factors Treatment F 2,27 = 6.055, p<0.007).
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Susceptibility to predation affects trait-mediated indirect interactions by reversing interspecific competition.
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