Reductions in biomass accumulation, photosynthesis in situ and net carbon balance are the costs of protecting Vitis vinifera 'Semillon' grapevines from heat stress with shade covering.

Across the whole growing season and averaged over all leaves, there were highly significant ( P < 0.001) effects of shade in both seasons on overall rates of photosynthesis, with mean rates for the exposed vines ranging from 5.5 ± 0.2 to 6.4 ± 0.1 μmol (CO 2 ) m −2 s −1 in the two seasons, while comparable rates for the shaded vines were 3.3 ± 0.2 and 4.0 ± 0.1 μmol (CO 2 ) m −2 s −1 .

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