These data led us to explore the hypothesis that proteins with protective potential may be present in the soluble fraction of the WCA (released during growth or by inactivation): consistent with this hypothesis, we also showed that intranasal immunization with the soluble fraction of chloroform-inactivated WCA (thereby lacking the pelleted whole cells and their contents) conferred highly significant reductions in colonization compared with adjuvant-alone immunized mice [8] .
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Identification of protective pneumococcal T(H)17 antigens from the soluble fraction of a killed whole cell vaccine.
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