Temperament and hunger interact to determine the emergence of leaders in pairs of foraging fish.

The higher tendency of the bolder fish to leave cover alone led to the bolder fish initiating the majority of joint trips, with highly significant asymmetries in the number of initiations for pairs with large temperamental differences (paired t -tests for SL: t 10 = 6.35, P <0.001; BL: t 9 = 3.82, P = 0.004; figure 2 ) and marginal asymmetries for pairs with moderate temperamental differences (paired t-tests for SM: t 13 = 2.17, P = 0.050; BM: t 24 = 1.98, P = 0.059; figure 2 ).

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