Shared spatial effects on quantitative genetic parameters: accounting for spatial autocorrelation and home range overlap reduces estimates of heritability in wild red deer.

SAC effects were highly significant (inclusion of column processes: χ 2 (df = 2) = 179.7, P < 0.001) and explained 36% of the variance ( Fig. 3B ).

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Addition of SAC resulted in a marginally nonsignificant improvement in model fit (inclusion of column and row processes: χ 2 (3) = 7.58, P = 0.056) and explained less than 3% of the variance, and this came mostly from the residual variance with very little change in heritability ( Table 2 ; Fig. 3D ).

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