Aquaporin expression contributes to human transurothelial permeability in vitro and is modulated by NaCl.

However, the significance of any contribution from the urothelium to bulk water transport in situ remains to be confirmed, as caution is required in translating directly from in vitro to in situ, where other factors such as intravesical pressure, urinary composition and urothelial surface area may be significant.

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