Docosahexaenoic acid-induced unfolded protein response, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells are triggered by Ca²⁺-dependent induction of oxidative stress.

We observed a rapid increase in ROS production under DHA treatment, starting as soon as after 10 min incubation, with a maximum after 1 and 3 h, followed by a decreasing trend after 5 h and similar levels in DHA- and vehicle-treated cells after 24 h ( Fig. 4 A).

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