highly significantP < 0.001
2010 ), direct pairwise comparison of gene expression levels between testis and all other FlyAtlas samples shows a pattern consistent with X chromosome demasculinization—a paucity of X-linked genes overexpressed ≥2-fold in testes—that is highly significant (χ 2 ≥ 11.8, P < 0.001) and consistent in magnitude (22–40%; tables 3–5 ; see supplementary table S6 , Supplementary Material online; for results with 4- and 8-fold testis-biased genes).