Agricultural intensification and cereal aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs: network complexity, temporal variability and parasitism rates.

In primary–hyperparasitoid webs, species richness and evenness of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids increased over time in all fields (“Week” F 1,18 = 20.71, P < 0.001; F 1,19 = 9.57, P = 0.006; F 1,20 = 10.81, P = 0.004; F 1,22 = 4.15, P = 0.054, respectively), and hyperparasitoid species richness had (with marginal significance) higher values in fields with low AI (“AI” F 1,6 = 4.35, P = 0.08).

also in 5,069 other papers