The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The test for heterogeneity was highly significant, with p <0.01 for both abuse types and neglect.

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Although primary analyses suggest an increased risk of drug use associated with physical abuse (OR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.67–2.20), emotional abuse (OR = 1.41; 95% CI 1.11–1.79), and neglect (OR = 1.36; 95% CI 1.21–1.54) ( Figures S20 , S21 , S22 , S23 ), there was only borderline significance in prospective studies, with a stronger consistent association observed in retrospective studies, albeit with overlapping confidence intervals ( Table S6 ).

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HIV infection was about twice as common in physically abused (OR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.16–5.42), emotionally abused (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.34–2.47), and neglected (OR = 2.50; 95% CI 0.77–8.15) individuals as in controls, although for neglect the difference did not reach conventional levels of significance, probably because of weak statistical power.

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