Estimation of leaf area index and plant area index of a submerged macrophyte canopy using digital photography.

PLoS One · 2012 · PMC3514177 · PMID 23226557

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Further, variance analysis indicated that F’-values between background and vegetation pixels in upward-oriented photographs were almost significantly higher than in downward-oriented photographs, with the average F’-values for red, blue and green bands being 1.73, 2.32 and 2.49 in upward-oriented photographs, respectively, and 0.85, 0.83 and 0.46 in downward-oriented photographs, respectively.

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