Probiotics' effects on the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We noted a marginally significant beneficial effect of probiotics on reducing the rate of NP in critically ill surgical patients in a meta-analysis that included eight studies (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.01, P = 0.05, I 2 = 41%) [ 23 - 29 , 33 ].

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While we restricted our subgroup analysis to patients in surgical populations, a pooled analysis showed a marginally non-significant reduction in NP in favor of probiotics.

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