Sex bias in infectious disease epidemiology: patterns and processes.

In late childhood, lepromatous leprosy risk shows a slight trend towards male bias; although 95%CIs included 1 in all year-specific analyses ( Text S2 ), the random-effects mean IRR was estimated at 1.50 (95%CI 1.09–2.05) ( Table 2 ).

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Our meta-analysis of published Brazilian infection-without-disease tuberculosis surveys, including tuberculin skin tests (TST) [69] – [72] and, in one case, TST plus an IFN-γ release assay [73] , revealed a marginally non-significant male bias in exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (random-effects OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.00–1.36; N = 6725 subjects; Figure 4 ).

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