Female putty-nosed monkeys use experimentally altered contextual information to disambiguate the cause of male alarm calls.

There was also a tendency for subjects to spend less time looking up after hearing ‘pyows’ alone than if they had first heard eagle shrieks or the sound of a falling tree although this difference did not quite reach significance in pair-wise post hoc tests (‘pyows’ alone vs. eagle-‘pyows’, T + = 15, N = 6, p = 0.031; ‘pyows’ alone vs. tree ‘pyows’, T + = 15, N = 6, p = 0.031; eagle-‘pyows’ vs. tree-‘pyows’, T + = 9, N = 6, p = 0.422, post hoc Wilcoxon signed ranks tests).

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