Two Japanese studies (CHART-1, CHART-2) showed that an increasing trend towards ischemic aetiology (26.4%-47.1%) and comorbidities with diabetes (19.5-23.3%) and hypertension (47.4%-74.3%) in Japanese HF patients [ 20 , 24 , 25 , 31 ], confirmed by the JCARE-CARD which revealed a prevalence of CAD in 32% of patients [ 22 ].
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