Infrared warming reduced winter wheat yields and some physiological parameters, which were mitigated by irrigation and worsened by delayed sowing.

CK showed a decreasing trend (from 6.31 to 2.99 μmol mmol −1 ), as did IW (from 5.29 to 2.54 μmol mmol −1 ).

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DS, IW, and CK maintained an increasing trend from jointing to anthesis stage ( Fig. 5B ).

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