highly significantp < 0.0001
However, the comparison of the overall chemical profiles, via discriminant analysis, of Nosema -infected bees and their control counterparts at days 5 and 10 showed highly significant differences for each colony (Colony 98: Wilks’ λ = 0.015, F 39,92 = 7.39, p < 0.0001; Colony 120: Wilks’ λ = 0.011, F 39,.95 = 8.73, p < 0.0001; Colony 231: Wilks’ λ = 0.037, F 27,102 = 7.92, p < 0.0001; Figure 1 ).