Vitamin D deficiency is associated with coronary artery calcification in cardiovascularly asymptomatic African Americans with HIV infection.

20 There were significant (or borderline significant) differences between those with and without the presence of CAC, not only in terms of traditional risk factors, including age, sex, family history of CAD, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, systolic and diastolic BP, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and Framingham Risk Score, but also in vitamin D deficiency, cocaine use, year of ART initiation, duration of exposure to NRTIs, duration of exposure to PIs, and duration of exposure to ARTs.

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