Comparable to expression classification, gender classification was highly significant in the rest-of-V1, during both tasks (performance = 61.3%, t 8 = 2.68, P = 0.01 and 65.12%, t 8 = 3.68, P = 0.003, in expression and gender tasks, respectively).
Gender decoding in early visual areas has been hinted at in previous studies (trend toward significance; Kaul et al ., 2011 ), and anatomical connectivity studies using diffusion tensor imaging support the notion of top-down or recurrent feedback effects via long-range fibre tracts from face areas and the amygdala to early visual cortex (directly or via the occipital face area; Gschwind et al ., 2012 ).