Sources of variation in cuticular hydrocarbons in the ant Formica exsecta.

Social type (i.e., monogynous or polygynous) explained a borderline significant amount of variation in the ( Z )-9-alkene profile (GLM on mean colony factor scores: F 1,71 = 3.87, P = 0.05), with polygynous colonies showing a preponderance of shorter-chain compounds; i.e., they had a C 23:1 -rich profile.

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The findings that 91 % of this variation was explained by colony of origin, and that the between-year relationship was highly significant, again supports the role of ( Z )-9-alkenes as recognition cues (Châline et al. 2005 ; Dani et al. 2005 ; Martin et al. 2011 ).

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