Host plant utilization, host range oscillations and diversification in nymphalid butterflies: a phylogenetic investigation.

This difference is highly significant ( χ 2 = 20.6, df = 1, P < 0.001 or χ 2 = 28.0, df = 1, P < 0.001 minimizing transitions to monophagy).

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Stireman's model is in fact similar to our view of evolution in nymphalid butterflies (Janz and Nylin 2008 ), although we would add that by assuming oscillations in host range the apparent conflict between an overall trend toward specialization and apical polyphagy in the same taxon is resolved.

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