The influence of wheel/rail contact conditions on the microstructure and hardness of railway wheels.

facturing process (the high beneficial residual compressive hoop stresses at the surface are lost due to plastic flow, wear, and material removal at reprofiling): variations in residual stress have been measured [ 25 , 26 ] and some models have considered their influence on RCF damage [ 23 ], which may be significant.

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The lower part of Figure 8 shows hardness values typically in the range from 230 HV to 250 HV, with a slight trend of increasing hardness toward the surface and toward the right-hand (field) side of the wheel.

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