Environmental quality alters female costs and benefits of evolving under enforced monogamy.

The highly significant effect of food quality shows that beetles, regardless of their selection history and cross type, exposed to low food quality produced markedly fewer offspring than with standard food quality (note the different scales of Figure 2 a vs. 2 b).

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There was a significant interaction between female selection history and food quality and a marginally non-significant main effect of female selection history (Table 1 ).

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