highly significantP <0.0005
In both cases, time at 8°C, brood number and the interaction between these variables were highly significant ( P <0.0005), but reproductive output did not differ significantly between flies kept with or without food (2–14 d; P = 0.6) or housed in different kinds of vials with food (0–20 d; P = 0.3), and there were no significant interactions between housing conditions and the other variables.