A trade-off between reproduction and feather growth in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica).

In females, piecewise regressions on either sex separately using breeding stage = 0 as a tentative breakpoint provided a highly significant fit of the data ( F 3,184 = 13.75, p <0.001; Model Standard Error = 0.049; breakpoint estimated by the model at x = −0.998 (CI: −4.120–2.125)) ( Fig. 1 ).

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A linear mixed model with sex as a factor indicated that GBW did not differentially change with breeding stage in either sex for breeding stages ≤ 0, although the sex by breeding stage effects was marginally non-significant ( Table 1 ).

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