Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection.

Finally, there was a highly significant difference in predation between the two sites ( site 1a and site 1b ) (gall predation: negative binomial GLMM, estimate = −2.05, SE = 0.44, z = −4.64, p<0.001; the incidence of gall predation: binomial GLMM, estimate = −2.25, SE = 0.31, z = −7.26, p<0.001; predation rate: quasibinomial GLMM, estimate = −2.13, SE = 0.26, df = 521, t = −8.30, p<0.001).

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